Introduction to programming languages

A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do in order to come up with the solution of a particular problem 

Programs are written using a programming language 

A programing language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to the computer 

There are two major types of programming languages  

Low level programming language and high level programming language

1. Low level languages :- 

Low level programming languages are referred as low level because these are very close to the machine 

Like as different hardware elements of a computer actually communicate with each other 

Low level languages are machine oriented language 

To communicate with the machine in a low level programming language it is require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration 

The low level programming language is further categorized in two categories one is machine language and another is assembly language

• Machine language : machine language or machine code is the only language that is directly understood by the computer 

And it does not need to be translated to any other language 

All instructions use binary notation and are written as a string of 1’s and 0’s 

A program in a machine code may look like “100111100010”

It is very difficult to understand such binary notations 

That’s why the assembly languages are introduce 

• Assembly language : an assembly language is the very first step to improve programming structure and make machine language more readable by humans 

An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters 

A translator is required to translate the assembly language to machine language called the ‘assembler’ 

Assembly language are easier than machine code but still it is pretty difficult to understand 

That’s why high level languages are developed 

2. High level languages :-

A high level programming language consists of English as well as mathematical symbols o give instruction to the computer 

High level programming languages are most often used by the programmers to communicate with the computer 

Some examples of high level programming languages are C++, Fortran, java and python. 

While learning any language we first needs to learn grammar and the vocabulary so that we can easily make sentences 

Same as any other language we first needs to understand grammar and vocabulary part of a programming language hear in a programming language we need to learn commands, syntax 

And logic which corresponds closely to the vocabulary and grammar of any other languages

The code of most high level programming language is portable also the same code can run on different hardware platforms without any modification in the programs 

Both machine code as well as assembly languages are hardware specific languages which means that the machine code used to run a program on one specific computer needs to be modified to run on another computer 

Also we need to know hear that the computer cannot understand high level programming language directly that’s why it needs a translator which converts high level programming language into machine code 

There are two ways by which we can convert high level programming language into machine code and they are related to how the program is executed ,a compiler or interpreter is used to translate high level programming language into a machine code 

Compiler :- A compiler is a computer program which translates a program written in a high level language to the machine code 

The high level program is referred to as the source code 

The compiler is used to translate source code into machine code or compiled code 

This does not yet use any of the input data when the compiled code is executed, at that time it is referred as running the program 

The program processes the input data to produce the desired output 

Interpreter :- An interpreter is a computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming language without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program 

Introducing to the C++ (A high level programming language) :- 

C++ is a cross platform language that can be used to create high performance application 

It is one of oldest as well as very popular language 

It was developed by Bjarne stroustrup as an extension to the C language to make this more efficient than the previous one 

As it is the most popular language it is present in the core of many popular operating systems

Also it is present in graphical user interfaces and in embedded systems

C++ is an object oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused and lowers the development coast 

C++ is a user friendly language and also it is easy to learn 

It also provides portability means the program written on one platform is able to run on multiple different platforms 

A c++ is very close to the other languages such as C# and Java which makes easy for programmer to switch easily on other languages 

Source :-https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nq4T...

 

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BY :- ADARSH GUPTA