What are memory? How memory is useful in morden computers?

 

MEMORY 

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Previously we have seen that how memory plays an important role in modern computing 

As we have seen that modern computing systems run on stored programs in memory also at the time of computing the memory deals with the cpu for the computation process. 

Now in this post we’ll learn more about the memory 

Basically memory is further classified in two groups which is internal or primary memory and another is external memory which is secondary memory 

1. Internal memory (primary memory)

2. External memory (secondary memory)

And these two parts of memory is also classifies in further sub-groups which we’ll study with the help of memory hierarchy 

• CPU resistor :- CPU resistor is a part of CPU and it is smallest device to store information with faster execution 

• Cache memory :- cache memory is a storage device placed between CPU and main memory and it is faster than RAM.

• RAM :- CPU of the modern computing system can work with the information available in main memory only so it is named as main memory 

     and it is further classified as SRAM and DRAM 

1. SRAM (static ram) :- SRAM is a type of ram which consists of circuit which is capable of retaining the data as long as the power is supplied 

the computer can access the data in SRAM more quickly than DRAM that’s why it is mostly used in cache memory 

2. DRAM (dynamic ram) :- DRAM or dynamic ram stores the information in the form of an electric charges in it and the charge is applied to capacitors the data stored on this capacitor tend to lose over a short period of time and thus it needs to refresh periodically 

and that is the reason that it is slower than the SRAM. 

Now we’ll see the difference between the SRAM (static ram) and DRAM (dynamic ram)

• Sram has lower access time than the dram that's why it is    faster than the dram but the dram has higher access time than of the sram offers that's why it is slower than the sram 

• Sram is costly than of dram but the dram is it cheaper side when it compares

• Sram requires constant power supply which means this type of memory consumes more power supply whereas the dram offers reduced power consumption because the information kept in the dram is in the capacitor 

• Sram offers low packing density where a the dram offers the high packing density

• Due to complex internal circuit less storage capacity is available compared to the same physical size of dram memory chip but in case of dram due to the small internal circuit in the one-bit memory cell of 

• dram the larger storage capacity is available 

3. read only memory (ROM) :- this type of memory is non-volatile in nature and it is a permanent memory but it is a read only so we cannot change or store some new information in it 

it is of three types

 

• PROM

• EPROM

• EEPROM

1. PROM :- PROM stands for programmable read only memory and it can be program once as per the requirements of the user but the data which is programmed in it cannot be errasible 

2. EPROM :- EPROM stands for erasable programmable rom in this type of memory the content or data which is stored in it can erase and able to store new data in it with thee help of UV rays but to do this we have to erase whole data present in it and it is not flexible 

3. EEPROM :- EEPROM stand for electrically erasable programmable rom in this type of memory electrical signals are used to erase the contents of the memory without affecting the content of other locations and also it is flexible method 

• Secondary memory :- secondary memory of a modern computing system is a non-volatile and permanent type of memory and it can store bulk information with huge amounts of data in it also known as auxiliary memory. some examples of the secondary memory is given below 

i.e. :- magnetic disk, floppy disk, pendrive, cards, etc.

• Access method :- in modern computing systems data in computers is saved in many forms whereas one way of storing data in computers is with the help of magnetic tapes which is also known as hard drives. 

we can store files, movies, songs, and database in memory to access these data and we use access methods these access method is of two types 

1. Sequential method 

2. Random method

1. Sequential method :- in sequential method of accessing the data computer reads or writes information sequentially starting from the beginning of the flies and proceed step by step 

this method provides the linear access but it is a time consuming method 

2. Random access / direct access :- in this method computer system can read or write information anywhere in the file this type of operation is known as random because the computer knows that where it is stored and it can be accessed directly 

with the help of this method the data stored in the computer can be accessed directly that’s why it is more faster and efficient method also the searching of element is easy 

Hopefully the above information helps you to learn more about the memory and its hierarchy and expand your knowledge on many new and interesting topics 

Stay connected with us for such useful information 

Thankyou 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

What is programing ?

 Programming Language 

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What is a programming language ? why do we need programming languages 

Programming languages are one of the most important and direct tool for the construction of computer system 

In a modern computer different languages are routinely used for different level of abstraction 

Like natural language programming languages are fundamental means of expression to communicate with computer we need programming languages 

Programming languages are the set of some instructions written in some specific format to instruct the computer so that computer can perform some task 

Types of programming languages :- 

There are three types of programming languages 

1. Low level language (machine level language)

2. Assembly level language

3. High level language 

• Low level language :- 

Low level programing language is the programming language which is very close to the machine or in the form of ‘0’ and ‘1’ are called as low level language 

The instruction of this language can be in different format like operation code arithmetic or logical operations or instruction code 

Advantages :- 

1. Fast execution 

2. No translation required 

3. High efficiency 

Disadvantages :-

1. It is machine dependent 

2. It is difficult to modify 

3. Knowledge of hardware is also required 

4. Difficult to debug (locate errors)

5. It is difficult to understand the machine level language 

• Assembly level language :- 

Assembly level language is another low level programming language because instruction given in this language are also close to the machine 

But some symbolic notations are used which are meaningful abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, MOV, etc.

Advantages :-

1. It is quite easy to understand 

2. Good efficiency

3. No need of addresses 

4. Easy to locate errors 

Disadvantages :-

1. It is machine dependent 

2. Knowledge of hardware is required 

3. It is difficult to write code 

• High level language :- 

High level programming language are the programming languages that are close to the human language and are similar to the english are known as high level programming language 

The programs which is written in high level language must be translated to the machine code before their execution

Each high level language has its own translator program 

Types of high level language :- 

Hear high level language is classified into four sub-groups

1. Procedural (c, fortran, algol)

2. Non-procedural (sql,oracle)

3. Oop (c++,java,python)

4. Functional (LISP)

Advantages :- 

1. It is machine independent 

2. It is easy to understand 

3. It is easy to modify 

4. Easy to locate errors 

5. No need of hardware knowledge requires 

6. Supportive library functions 

Disadvantages :- 

1. Execution is slow due to the translation process (from high level language to low level language)

2. Has low efficiency

Hopefully the above mentioned information helped you to get more knowledge about the programming languages and their uses 

Stay connected with us for further such useful information and if you like the content then please share further 

Thankyou 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

What is an array ?

 

        Arrays 

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Here we’ll study about the arrays also we’ll discussing over various topics such as declaration of arrays, accessing the values of an array, initialisation of an array, etc 

So very first we’ll start with the definition of arrays 

• Array :- an array is a kind of data structure which is used to store multiple values in a single variable instead of declaring separate variables for each values 

Simply we can say that an array is a data structure through which we can store data in memory 

Examples of an arrays are :- 

array of numbers - 3,4,42,45,32

array of cars - “suzuki”, “audi”, “ford”, “volvo”

Above mentioned are some examples of an array 

As above we have seen that the array is a data structure so we need to understand what is data structure 

So simply data structure defines how do we store data in memory 

And array is a data structure through which we can store the data in memory 

Now we’ll see how to declare an array so below with the help of syntax try to understand the declaration of an array 

Data Type [ ] array Name; 

arrayName = newdataType [ n ];

dataType [ ] arrayName = newdataType[ n ];

Hear in the above example the ‘n’ is for the size of the array 

Also once we give the size of an array then we can’t change it’s size 

i.e. :- arr[ 10 ] the ‘10’ is the size given to the array and we cannot change the given size of the array 

Lets understand with the help of an example 

i.e. :- write a program to declear an array 

public class arrayIntro {

public static void main (string[ ]args){

//int [ ]marks = new int [ 5 ]

 }

}

Hopefully the above mentioned information helped you to introduce array to your program learn more about the arrays by practicing and gathering more knowledge about the arrays 

Stay connected with us for further such updates and to get more knowledgeable content 

Thankyou 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

All about fundamentals of computer

 

Computer Fundamentals 

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Hear in this post we’ll study the fundamentals of computer architecture and the basics of computer model 

So very first we’ll go through the stored program architecture of the computer means hear we’ll see how the stored program architecture of the computer are used in modern computers also we’ll see the drastic change in the computers 

Nowadays computer technology has made an incredible improvements in the past half century 

In the early parts of computer evolution there were no stored program architecture in the computers and the computational power of those computers were very low and the size of those computers were very huge 

But today a personal computer has more computational power then the previous one also a modern computer provides more storage space than the previous one and all these increment comes with the very compact size which is available in a much affordable cost then the previous one 

Now we’ll see the basic computer model 

So there are four basic units of a computer which is as follows :- 

• CPU (central processing unit)

• Input unit 

• Output unit 

• Memory unit 

This architecture is proposed by the scientist van numan 

 

1. CPU  (central processing unit) :- cpu ha a very important role in the computational part 

all the processing and and computational task in the computer is done by the cpu 

it mainly consists of two blocks which is ALU and CU 

• ALU (arithmetic logic unit) :- alu performs all the basic operations including mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, division, etc.)

           also it tackles all the logical                                                     operations as well as (OR, . AND, NOT, >, <, etc.)

• CU (control unit) :- control unit consist of a set of resistors and control circuits which manages all the activities performed by cpu and control units 

2. Input unit :- input unit is an another important unit of the modern computer system with the help of input unit we can supply data and instructions to the computer 

Some examples of input units are keyboard, mouse, joystick, microphone, scanner. 

3. Output unit :- output unit of a computer system is used to see the results or output of the input which we have inserted in the computer. Some examples of the output units are monitor, speaker, printer, projector, fax machine, etc. 

4. Memory unit :- memory unit of a modern computing system is the most important unit of a modern computer 

memory unit in a modern computer is use to store vast amount of data and programs 

CPU can work with the information stored in memory which is known as a main memory 

broadly there are two types of memory one is primary memory and another is secondary memory 

Now we will study the types of memory

• Primary memory :- primary memory of a modern computer interacts with the cpu directly the data stored in the primary memory is temporary. 

primary memory stores the data for a very short instance of time once the power supply of the primary memory is cut off the data stored in the primary memory got erased 

it is of two types one is RAM (random access memory) and another is ROM (read only memory)

• Secondary memory :- an another most important part of the modern computing system is the secondary memory 

this type of storage in a modern computer is used to store permanent data in it 

Some examples of secondary memory are hard disk, floppy disk, pen drive, magnetic disk, etc. 

Hopefully the above mentioned information provides many useful information about the basic fundamentals of modern computing system 

Stay connected with us for such useful informations 

Thankyou 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA