Degree of hardness

Degree of hardness :- 

Today here in this blog we’ll discuss the degree of hardness of water so let’s begin very first we’ll try to understand what we think about when we hear the term hardness of water.

So while talking about the degree of hardness of water the thing which comes in our mind very first is the presence of equivalent amount of calcium carbonate in the water but it is important to know that the hardness of water can’t be represented in the form of calcium carbonate because calcium carbonate is insoluble in water and hardness is actually caused by bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. 

Calcium carbonate is used as a standard for reporting hardness of water is due to 

Reasons for using calcium carbonate for determining the hardness of water.

1. The very first reason is that the it’s (calcium carbonate) molecular weight is exactly 100 and equivalent weight is 50 (it is used due to the ease of the calculation)
2. Also it is the most insoluble salt that can be precipitated in the water treatment process. 

Hope the above mentioned information helps for understanding about the degree of hardness 

Thankyou and have an amazing day.

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

Drinking water or portable water

Drinking or municipal water :- 

So, here in this blog we will discuss the municipal water supply which is also known as drinking water supply or portable water means we will gather the knowledge about the domestic water supply which is reached to our home for our daily needs.

very first we need to know that the water is a vital body fluid which is essential for every living creature 

human beings require a considerable amount of water to reach their drinking and other domestic purposes 

The principal requirement for water to be supplied for drinking purposes is that municipal water needs to satisfy certain criteria with respect to appearance portability and health. 

Standard specification of drinking water :- 

As per the human bodies must requires water for the survival of the life of human beings 

Also some of the minerals are also required from the human body from the water.

So as per the requirement of the human body government has already fixed that amount of minerals is to be present in the water which is consumed by the human bodies. 

The municipal supply tooks care of this requirement for the good health of human beings and also ensures the proper supply of water in the cities or a particular region.

and for the better health of humans they follow some standards to ensure the composition in the drinking water.

municipal water supply standards are of two types. 

1. primary standards :-

 It is the standard which basically specifies the MCL level means maximum contamination level of various dissolved minerals which is based on the effect over the health of human beings.

2. secondary standard :- 

It may vary according to the place to place and which may depend upon the taste, odour, colour, and hardness of water etc. 

they do not have any anticipated effect on the health of the human body.

So next we’ll be discussing the requisites of drinking water means we’ll be discussing the essential standards of drinking water.

Requisites of drinking water :- 

1. It should taste good.
2. it should be perfectly cooled. 
3.  it’s turbidity should be less than 10 ppm.
4. it should be free from harmful gases such as H2S, etc. 
5. it’s PH should be in the range of 7.0-8.5 
6. total hardness should be less than 500 ppm.
7. total dissolved solids solids should be less than 500 ppm.
8. it should be free from disease producing bacteria and E.coil must be under permissible limits. 
9. Also some chemicals like chloride, fluoride and sulphate content should be less than 250 ppm, 1.5 ppm, and 200 ppm. respectively. 
10. it should be reasonably soft. 
11. It should be colourless and odourless

I hope the above information given is helpful for you 

thankyou and have a amazing day

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA

Types of coal

Classification of coal :- 

It is classified different categories according to various different criteria which is as follows as 

1. on the basis of ingredients of plants or different portion of plants

which is subdivided into four parts 

a. banded coal :- 

This type of coal is generally formed by peat swap which is formed as a result of decaying vegetable matter.

b. splint coal :- 

generally this type of coal has dull lustre and it seems greyish black colour and have a compat structure while burning this type of coal it burns freely and doesn’t swell on burning

c. channel coal :-

 this type of coal has dark black or greenish in colour and has a uniform compact structure these have a grained texture also it hasn’t any banded structure

d. bog head coal :- 

This type of coal has many similar properties like channel coal; the behaviour of this coal is similar to channel coal during burning and these contain high amounts of algal remains as well as volatile matter. also these coal gives high yield of tar and oil on distillation of these coals 

2. on the basis of rank :- 

As we see above , coal is divided into different sub categories on the basis of their properties and by their behaviour. so hear in this categories the coal is divided into their various subcategories by their rank which is nothing but subdivided according to their degree of metamorphism or progressive transformation in the natural series from wood to anthracites which results in the decreasing order of various ingredients such as moisture content, hydrogen content, nitrogen, sulphur and the amount of volatile matter in the coal.

so let’s begin with the very first classification which is as follows 

1. peat :- 

peat is the first stage of coal formation which is formed by vegetable matter is neither seems like old nor like as coal 

peat is fibrous compact compound which is either brown or black in colour and contains large quantities of water and inorganic compounds while it is burnt in dyr position it burns slowly also it has very less calorific value due to the presence of moisture and volatile content in this solid fuel.

its calorific value lies between 6000 to 9000 BTU per lb.(5400 kcal/kg).usually it is used as a domestic fuel 

2. lignite :- 

This type of coal comes after the lignite and it is the second stage of formation of coal from wood. It has the composition intermediate between peat and bituminous coal usually it is present in the brown colour. it may have amorphous fibrous or woody texture but also this type of coal contains high amount of moisture with it 

3. bituminous coal :- 

so it is the third stage of coal this type of coal is formed by the decomposition of vegetable matter besides it is a compact type of material and widely used as a mineral coal 

the type of coal bun with yellow and luminous flame and also exhibits a laminated structure allowing it to contain 80 to 90% of carbon in it. it is further subdivided into four parts which is as follows :- 

a) sub bituminous :-

 This type of coal contains a high amount of volatile matter and has a black, smooth and homogeneous nature. The amount of carbon in  this type of coal lies between 75-83% and the calorific value of this type of coal is between 7000-7500 kcal/kg.

b) semi bituminous coal :- 

This type of coal contains very less amount of volatile matter in it. Also the carbon content in this coal lies between 90-95% often this type of coal is used for manufacturing coke. it’s calorific value lies between 8350-8500 kcal/kg 

c) bituminous coal :-

 this type of coal carbon content around 78-90% and amount of volatile matter is around 25-45% these exhibits banded type of coal and the calorific value of his type of coal is around 8000-8500 kcal/kg 

d) super bituminous coal :- 

amoun all the types of bituminous coal it is the highest grade of coal with its high carbon content and less volatile matter in it. it’s calorific value lies between 8500-8650 kcl/kg. It burns without smoke and has the highest heating power among the other bituminous coal. 

4. Anthracite coal (high rank coal ) :- 

It is the final stage of formation of coal. It is hard, compact, black colored coal with a good semi metallic lustre also it has a high amount of fixed carbon in it and least amount of volatile matter is present in this type of coal this contamination makes this coal much more powerful than any other coal. ash content in this coal is around 2-3%. 

It is a very expensive coal in all the categories. It is used in industries for the metallurgy process also it burns slowly that’s why it is used as a domestic fuel. 

their calorific value lies between 8650-8700 kcl/kg 

In India it is found in himalayan hills of kashmir and lower gondwana starta in darjeeling.

 

I hope the above mentioned information helps for understanding about the coals and it's types 

Thankyou and have a amazing day 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

INTRODUCTION TO THE FUEL

INTRODUCTION :-

 It is a naturally occurring or manufactured organic substance which is used as the source of heat.

That's why it is defined as any fissionable substance which reacts to provide energy is known as FUEL. in other words fuel is a combustible substance which contains a large amount of carbon which provides a huge amount of heat at the time of combustion.

It is an oxidation process with the atoms like carbon, hydrogen, etc which occurs with the liberation of energy.

try to understand by the reaction given below

1. C + O2 --------> CO2 + energy

2. 2H2 + O2 ------> H2O + energy 

 Above presented reaction are some examples of combustion

in the first equation as you have seen that when a carbon atom is reacted with the oxygen then through this reaction some amount of heat energy has released and this heat is further used as a power source for the various purposes.

In this process some residue is also released which contains a large amount of carbon. as in case of above equation CO2 and H2O is the residual part which is produced at the end of the reaction.

ORIGIN OF THE FUEL :- 

  

Nowadays Fossil fuels become the main source of energy.

It is found under the deep earth crust or in the oil wells in the form of mud which is known as crude oil.

As predicted over thousand of years above when the disaster occurs at that time many animals and huge trees are depleted and reach to the earth crust and in the earth crust due to the presence of extreme heat and pressure the get converted into fuels. but the presence of fossil fuel on the earth is in the limited amount and which is depleting day by day it includes petrol, diesel, coal, etc.

Besides these biodiesel is also a kind of organic fuel but it is renewable fuel which is extracted by vegetable oil and also the combustion of biodiesel is environment friendly.

CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD FUEL :- 

Hear we'll discuss some terms and on the basis of these terms we'll study the characteristic of fuel

so, the very first point is,

1. CALORIFIC VALUE :- It is the value which states that the amount of heat is released in one kg of fuel which is to be burned. for a ideal fuel it should be high if the calorific value of a fuel is high that means it produce much energy in less amount of fuel

2. MOISTURE CONTENT :- Presence of moisture in fuel decreases the heating value of fuel that's why for an ideal fuel it is required that there is less moisture is presence in the fuel.

3. IGNITION TEMPERATURE :- An ideal fuel requires moderate ignition temperature so that it can burn smoothly.

4. LOW COST :- A good fuel is required to be economically feasible and also it should be present in huge amount

5. PORTABLE :- It is required for a good fuel that it is easily portable so that one can easily supply across the region 

6. LESS RESIDUE :- A good fuel should have very less amount of residue so that after burning of fuel very less amount of residue is left. Also this affects the amount of heat produced in the combustion of fuel.

7.COMBUSTION PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE HARMFUL :- while burning any fuel it is required that the product of combustion of fuel should not harm the health of the human beings.

8. MODERATE SPEED OF COMBUSTION :- From a good fuel it is expected that the fuel has moderate rate of combustion means while burning the fuel the heat production is not much less nor it should be too high.

9. SIZE :- In case of solid the size of a good fuel is required to be uniform so that combustion of the fuel is regular but there is no specific shape or size present for gas and liquid so that it is assumed the supply of these fuels should be regular for the regular combustion.

10. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION :- In some cases spontaneous combustion of fuels may cause some serious hazards especially in the case of liquid and gaseous fuel. 

11. COMBUSTION SHOULD BE CONTROLLABLE :- A good fuel has the property that the combustion of these fuels is easily controllable so that the combustion process should be started easily and also can be stopped easily.

12. EFFICIENT BURNING :- For an ideal fuel it is required that it'll burn efficiently and also it burns without smoke.

13. STORAGE COST :- For an ideal fuel it is required that the storage cost of fuel is minimum in bulk.

By :- ADARSH GUPTA

INTRODUCTION TO THE FUEL

 FUEL 

While talkin about fuel we often think about petrol, diesel, CNG, LPG, etc these are some of the common fuels which is to be used in our daily life.

 Today we'll talk about fuels so let's begins with very common question what is are fuel ?

so fuels are naturally occuring or manufactured comustible organic substance which is used as the source of heat. any source of heat energy is called as heat.

fuel is a substance which reacts or combines with the oxygen and produces large amount of heat energy which is used as the source of power. production of power is used by the various manufacturing industries to run their mechaneries wether it is also used for the domestic purposes also.

• 

  Add caption
  

That's why it is defined as any fessionable subestance which reacts to provide energy is known as FUEL. in anothe words fuel is a combustible substance which contains large amount of carbon which provides a huge amount of heat at the time of combustion.

It is a oxidation process with the atoms like as carbon, hydrogen, etc which occures with the liberaation of energy.

try to understand by the reaction given below

1. C + O2 --------> CO2 + energy

2. 2H2 + O2 ------> H2O + energy 

 Above presented reaction are some examples of combustion

in the first equation as you have seen that when a carbon atom is reacted with the oxygen then through this reaction some amount of heat energy has released and this heat is further used as a power source for the various perposes.

In this process some residue is also release which contains large amount of carbon. as in case of above equation CO2 and H2O is the residual part which is preduced at the end of the reaction.

ORIGIN OF THE FUEL :- 

  

Basically it is found in the earth crust, in the deep beds in sea, etc.Besides this it is formed by the depletion of animals as well as many huge trees during the naturel disaster. also it is no renewable source and pollutes the environment at very extreame level.

As predicted over thousend of years above when the disaster occurs at that time many animals and huge trees are deplited and reach to the earth crust and in the earth crust due to the presence of extreame heat and pressure the get's converted in to fuels. but the presence of fossil fuel on the earth is in the limited amount and which is depliting day by day it includes petrol, diesel, coal, etc.

Besides these biodiesel is also a kind of organic fuel but it is renewable fuel which is extracted by vegetable oil and also the combustion of biodiesel is environment friendly.

CHARACTERSTIC OF A GOOD FUEL :- 

Hear we'll discuss some terms and on the basis of these terms we'll study the characterstic of fuel

so, the very first point is,

1. CALORIFIC VALUE :- It is the value which states that the amount of heat is released in one kg of fuel which is to be burened. for a ideal fuel it should be higs if the calerofic value of a fuel is high that means it produce much energy in less amount of fuel

2. MOISTURE CONTENT :- Presence of moisture in fuel decreases the heating value of fuel that's why for a ideal fuel it is required that there is less moisture is presence in the fuel.

3. IGNETION TEMPERATURE :- An ideal fuel requires morderate ignetion temperature so that it can burn smoothly.

4. LOW COST :- A good fuel is required to be economically fesiable and also it should be present in huge amount

5. PORTABLE :- It is required for a good fuel that it is easily portable so that one can easily supply across the region 

6. LESS RESIDUE :- A good fuel should have verry less amount of residue so that after burning of fuel verry less amount of residue is left. also this affects the amount of heat produce in the combustion of fuel.

7.COMBUSTION PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE HARMFULL :- while burning any fuel it is require that the product of combustion of fuel should not harm the health of the human beings.

8. MORDERATE SPEED OF COMBUSTION :- From a good fuel it is expected that the fuel has morderate rate of combustion means while burning the fuel the heat production is not much less nor it should be too high.

9. SIZE :- In case of solid the size of a good fuel is required to be uniform so that combustion of the fuel is regular but there is no specific shape or size is present for gass and liquid so that it is assumed the supply of these fuel should be regular for the regular combustion.

10. SPONTANIOUS COMBUSTION :- In some cases spontanious combustion of fuels may cause some serious hazards specially in the case of liquid and gassious fuel. 

11. COMBUSTION SHOULD BE CONTROLLABLE :- A good fuel have the property that the combustion of these fuel is easily controllabe so that the combustion process should be started easily and also can be stoped easily.

12. EFFICIENT BURNING :- For a ideal fuel it is required that it'll burn efficiently and also it burns without smoke.

13. STORAGE COST :- For a ideal fuel it is required that the storage cost of fuel is minimum in bulk.

Thankyou have a amazing day.

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA