scope of civil engineering

SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 

Civil engineering is the core branch of engineering and also the oldest branch of engineering 

they deals with all the construcions of infrastructure such as buildings,appartments,roads,dams,bridges,and other infrastructures.

In a last few years construction department (deals with the construction of buildings,touns, etc.) recived billions of forigen direct investment (FDI) thats why now a days the requirement of civil engineers has increased slightly.

so,for the civil engineers there are two typs of jobs are available which are as follows :-

1) technical jobs 

2) non-technical jobs

1) TECHNICAL JOBS :-

Technical field of civil engineers includes core field related jobs and which is further classified as follows

1) ON THE BASIS OF EMPLOYER AGNCY :-

a.  GOVERNEMNT SECTOR  :-   AS it is one of the core branch of engineering thats why there is a highest probability for the civil engineer to get a job in the government sector wether it may be state level government or it may be central level government.

where as central level department includes central pubic works departments (CPWD),millitry engineering services (MES),railways,central water commision,central pollution board etc.

b.  PRIVATE SECTOR  :-  private sector includes the companies which is owned by a person or any group or any organisation these are private companies involve in construction of infrastructure these are the sectors who recruit civil engineers in bulk and also the offer the highest paying jobs to the skilles engineers.

the top companies in india involved in construction are Larson and Toubro (L&T),Delhi land and finance limited (DLF), Nagarjuna construction company (NCC),Reliance infrastructure limited, Gammon india,TATA projects limited.these are some of the top organisation where most of the jobs are generated frequently.

c. PUBLIC SECTOR  :-  In india there are many public sector undertaking (PSU's). the term PSU refer to a government company in which 51% of the sheares are held by the central government or state government and rest of the 49% sheares are held by any organisation,person etc.

and it may happens that the sheares may be partly devided between state government and partly with central government 

basically it is not totally government sector nor totally private sector. 

below mentione are some of the examples of PSU's :-

* Bharat petrolium corporation limited (BPCL)

* National thermal power corporation (NTPC)

* Oil and natural gas corporation (ONGC)

* steel authority of india limitd (SAIL)

* coal india limited (CIL)

* Indian oil coorporation (IOCL)

2) ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF WORK  :-  a civil engineer either designs the infratructure or contribute to the construction work.

a. DESIGN WORK :- It includes the designing of all type of infrastructure such as roads,buildings,bridges,etc.

basically they designs the infrastructure wether it may be design by drawing on sheet by taking proper measurement it is much time consuming and also consist of much errors so that now a day's some softwares are used insteed of drawing on sheets 

the software such as CAD,AutoCad,STAADPro,Geo5,etc. are used for the designing of complex structure like as designing of Dam's,tunels,buildings,roads,etc.

b. SITE WORK :- Site engineers perform a technical,organisation and supervisory role on a construction project.

* working as a part of site management team,the site engineer liaises and work with architects,planners,contractors,surveyors,supervisors etc.

* They are responsible for site securities,health and safety and the organisation and supervision of both human and material source 

* And also the duties of a site engineers involves :-

1. setting out ,leveling ,surveying the site.

2. planning the work and organize the plant and site facilities to meet deadlines.

3. day to day management of the site including supervisioning and monetering of the site.

4. communicatiing with clintes and keep informing the clintes about the progress of the work.

5. liasing with local authorities,consultant,planners,surveyors etc.

6. resolving any unexpected technical difficulties and other problems that may arise.

7. ensuring that all materials used and works performed are as per specifications.

8. preparing the reports.

9. overseeing quality control,health,and safety.

2) NON-TECHNICAL JOBS :-

Besides all the technical jobs of a civil engineers there is also many non-technical jobs arrises for the civil engineers 

* There are lot of opportunities for civil engineers in the non-technical fiealds such as Bank po, SSC CGL,etc.

they are hired in the non-technical field for the works like measurement of land and property of a client (one who applies for a lone from bank) etc.

*Bank PO is an entary level job in which after 2 years of probation period or traning the post of assistant manager of bank is given.

* staff selection commission (SSC) organizes combined graduation level (CGL) exam every year for executive-level jobs in department such as :

i) Assistant Audit Officer

ii) Income Tax Inspector

iii) Inspector (narcotics)
iv) Central Excise Inspector

v) Assistant in Intillegence Bureau (IB)

vi) Sub Inspector (CBI)

etc. are the following non-technical jobs which is offered to the civil engineers.

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard water

Advantages and disadvantages of hard water 

 *  ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER :- 

^  So the very first advantages of hard water is that it helps in the growth of strong teeth and bones in the children due to the presence of salts of calcium and magnessium 

^ Also it is better in taste than the soft water the mineral water also contains the contamination of calcium and magnessium and which taste good to drink.

^ An another advantages of the hard water is that in old houses the pipes which is used for the distribution of water is mainly made up of lead pipes when water flows in these lead pipes then the water forms some posenious substance that is harmfull for our body. but in case of hard water it forms an insoluble substance which is CaCo3. This prevents the formation of posenious substance in the water.

* DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER :- 

^ Hard water is not suitable for boiller feed. If it is used in boiller it may cause some serious explosion.

^ It also decreases the efficiency of means when washing with hard water. It forms scum (precipitate) with the soap solution

^ when it is used as a colling it blocks the passage of collant due to the formation of scales.

^ Somehow it also affects the body when it is used for driinking purpose. because the crystals of calcium oxides get accummulated inurinary tracks and affects our digestive system when drinking the hard water.

^ It is also not good for the various industrial use such as textile industries, sugar industries, and paper industries, etc. 

^ It can't be used for the laboratory use also because the hardness producing ions interfere in various reaction.

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

Classification of fuel

CLASSIFICATION OF FUEL

THE FUEL IS CLASSIFIED ON THE TWO MAJOR BASIS 

• ON THE BASIS OF OCCURENCE OF FUEL 
• ON THE BASIS OF STATE OF AGGREGATION 

So according to the occurence of fuel it is classified in to two major categories

1. PRIMARY OR NATURAL FUEL :- 

These are the types of fuel which are found over the earth naturally some examples of these fuels are wood, petroleum, peat, and natural gasses comes in this categorie’s.

2. SECONDARY OR ARTIFICIAL FUEL:- 

It is a kind of which is derived from the primary fuel some fuels which falls in this categories are coke, charcoal, petrol, kerosene oil, diesel oil, coal gas, oil gas, producer gas, blast furnace gas etc.

According to state of aggregation fuels are classified as 

(i) solid

(ii) liquid

(iii) gaseous

which may be primary or secondary fuels.

Hope the above mentioned information helps in the classification of fuel and understanding the identification of the fuel 

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA 

ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN SOCITY AND IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY

ROLE OF A CIVIL ENGINEERS IN THE SOCIETY AND IN THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY

 

IN SOCIETY:-

A civil engineers had a great role in the society they work for the ease of the people and also ensures the safety of the people.

The following are some of of the works which is done by the civil engineers for the welfare of the society.

* BY DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS :-

As we know the civil engineers design's and construct's buildings,officies and other infrastructure so that they can prepare the human shelter. 

also by constructing human shelter they prevent human from various condition's such as extreame heat,extreame cold,rainy season and other extreame weather conditions.

* CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODES :-

civil engineers constructs roads includind highways,railway tracks,runway for airways, harbours for water ways transportation for the ease of the communication of human beings as well as for the transportation of goods across the country 

besides this it is a revenue generating area because all the industries are dependent over the transportation systetm for the transportation of goods.

* WATER SUPPLY :-

civil engineers contributes much more in the regular water supply across a region by constructing various infrastructure such as tanks,streams,channals,etc.

they contribute in the treatment of waste water till the proper supply of the treated water to the consumer.

hear they play's an important role in the society.

* PREVENTION OF FLOOD :-

A civil engineers prevents the society from various natural hazards such as over flow of river water,heavy rain,and also in the case of flood they constructs the infrastructure like as DAM's for storing water as well as for preventing society in case of flood.

the construction of dams helps the society in other ways also like as the dams are used in the production of elctercity. and due to production of electrcity they automatically overcome with many of the serious problems of society like as industrial purpose,domestic purposes,etc. 

* SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT :-

civil engineers ensures the construction of water treatment plant for the treatment of the waste water to maintain the ecosystem and to resolve the condition of drought.

through all these ways a civil engineers contributes to the society for the betterment of the society.

IN COUNTRY'S ECONOMY :- 

A civil engineers plays a vital role in the countary's economy by developing the infrastructure of the country
infrastructure is the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment is needed for the functioning of the countary or area and it is like the wheel of development withiout which the economy cannot function properly
the development of infrastructure is not for the luxury of the human's but it is the need of a country also it is essential for the development of the country.
any country's economy is directly affected by the status of the country's infrastructure. so more the infrastructure development shows more the economy of the country is florished infrastructure of a country includes all the transportation system of the country means.

Roadway's :-

it include's the constructin of highway's, state highway's, and antother connecting road's, bridge's, elevation's, etc.

Waterways :-

it include's the construction of harbour's, deck's etc.

Railway's :-

 it includes the construction of railway track's gap's between the track's
airway's :- it includes the construction of helipads, runway's, etc.
All these tranportation system makes transportation of good's and human beings across the countary and a region.
for the proper working of these transportation a good infrastructure support is required in a countary.

A good infrastructure also attaracts the forigen companies to invest in a country
Whens a multination organisation invests in a countary by eastablishing a company or a plant at this time they see the criteria of infrastructure and which is essential for them.

All these have a great effect on the economy of the countary.

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA

basics of civil engineering

BASIC OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 

so hear we'll be discussing about basics of civil engineering means what they actually does what are the job oppurnities which is to be offered to the civil engineers what are the speciliasations of civil engineers so lets begin with the introduction of civil engineers.

civil engineering is one of the oldest branch of engineering discipline and this branch of engineering basically deals with the work like as designing, planning, construction, maintainance of building, road, infrastructure, etc.

The civil engineers ensures the infrastructure which is economically feasiable, technically good and also fullfills the safety critaria to reach the needs of humans 

And the basic responsibalities of civil engineers are planning and designing a structure and analyzing its various aspects.

The function of civil engineer can be classified into three main categories and which is depending on the constructio steps 

1) Before construction

2) During construction 

3) After construction 

As the above mentioned are the steps of construction the first step includes the work such as inivevstigation, site planning,feasibality study and in the second step construction work is carried out as per the planning and ammenments are done as per the requirement while the construction of the building comes to the progression

1. SPECILISATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING :- 

The civil engineering is further subdevided into many branches which are as follows 

1) structural engineering 

2) geotechnical engineering 

3) environmental engineering 

4) transportaton engineering 

5) water resource engineering

6) surveying 

7) construction engineering

1.1 ) STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING :-  Basically structural engineers works over the outter framework of the bulding and the actually decides the actual shape of the building and infrastructure we can understand their work by simply wit the example of our body such as bones and skeleton of human body decides the shape and size of the body like as beams ,columns and internal structure of the infrastructure decides the shape and size of the infrastructure 

the structural designing plays a very important role in any construction because the basic design of the building is prepared hear 

the structural engineers resolves the various aspects o the construction means it is the branch who actually deals with the aspects like how much load can the infrastructure easilly resist ,how much stress can the building easily resist so these are the apects through a civil engineers had to be deal

  

1.2) GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING :- Geotechnical engineering or soil engineering or geo-technique is the branch of civil engineering which deals with the study of soil and environment 

they actually study the behaviour of soil & environment as well as the application as a building material.

* KARL TERZAGHI is known as the father of the soil mechanics according to karl "Geotechnical engineering is the application of laws of laws of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealindg with sediments and other unconsolidate accumulation of solid particles.

*andin other words it is the study of soil means it determines that how much much load can be easily resist by the infrastructure also how much soil will expand or shrinks by the action of water 

* The main goal of the civil engineer could range from the designing of foundation and temporary excavation support,through route selection for railway and highways ,to the iportant areas of landfill 

* The geo-technical engineers involves in testing the soil type in lab which is collected from the construction site and also determines the property and behaviour of the soil so that they can reach to the actual strength of the infrastructure 

* Foundation engineering can also be considered as a geo-technical engineerinig.

1.3) ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEEING :- According to 'American academy of environmental engineering and scientist',environmental engineering is the branch of civil engineering which concerned with the application of scientific and engineering principles for 

i) protection of human beings from adverse environmental conditions.

ii) protection of environment both localy as well as globally by the harmfull human and natural activities 

iii) improvement of environmentaly quality 

*Environmental engineers use the principle of engineering ,soil science ,biology ,and chemistry to develope solutions to environmental problems.

*in addditon to controllling polution ,environmental engineers also help to design systems,processes,and equipment'sto clean it up.

Environmental engineering can be devided into two parts :

1) water supply engineering :-

it includes the study of source of water like as surface water,ground water and other sources of water.

it also deals with the distribution of water from purification plant to the consumer 

2) watertreatment engineers :-

it includes the engineers who engaged in the treatment of the water and maintain the balance of the supply of the water across the consumers 

1.4) TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING :- The branch of engineering that regulates the transportation all they ensures the construction of infrastructure which supports the economy of the transportation across the particular region so that they maintain the transportation of goods and also for the communication of the human beings 

besides these this branch has a important roll in the economy of the country because it deals with the transportation of goods across the region and fullfill the requirement of human 

most of industries are also depends on the transportation for the supply of raw materials and goods thats why it has verry important role in the economy of a country 

also it is used by every citizon of the country and provides the door to door facilities thats why it is most used by the people to communicate so that it is a revenue generating asset of the country.
sub division of transportation engineering are classified as below -

* highway engineering - It includes palnning ,designing and construction of highways, bridges etc. they ensures the material used in the construction and also determines the strength of the infrastructure.

* railways engineering - It includes planning,designing and construction of roads in a fesiable way and practical way to reach the need of the communication
the role of civil engineer in railways is to ensure the alignment of the track and also maintains the gap between them

* airways engineers - airways engineers deals with the designing, planning and construction of terminals,airports,runways ,etc.
they also marks the visual on the runway.

* waterways engineering :- these re the engineers who deals wih the tansportation system in water bodies by the construction of harbours, decks ,etc.
they maintain the transportation inside the water for the transportation of goods as well as human beings

1.5) WATER RESOUURCE ENGINEERING :-

It includes the collection and management of water as a natural resource 

the tasks which comes in this category are as follows :-

a. supply of water for human needs 

b. removal of waste water 

c. to empliment methods from the protection of natural hazards like flood etc. 

* hydrology, irrigation engineering comes under wter resource engineering.

* hydrology is the scientific study of the movement ,distribution and equality of water on the earth.

* irrigation engieers plans and designs an effective and convineant method of irigation system they also study and designes dams for controlling the over flow of river water and also for the production of hydroelectric power.

1.6) SUREYING :- 

Before starting the it is done by the survaing engineers basically it is kind of measurement where the surveying enginner just measues the dimension of the site (constructon site)

they designs,measures the boundaries of the land leagely manages the datd of the surveying land ,locates the boundaries over the construction site.

Land survaying

1.7) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT :-

It is the discipline of civil engineering which deals with the planning and designing and construction of every kind of structure.

* building materials :- the branch of civil engineers who deals with the study of materials used in the construction such as stones, bricks,cements ,steel,etc.

* building construction :- they deals with the various aspects of construction of building elements like as floor,walls,columns,roofs,etc.

* building technology :- they deals with the planning aspectsof building or structure like as building by laws,the orientation of the structure water ressistivity ,noise ressistivity, sound resistivity,etc.

above i have explained the various branch of civil engineering as well as their works 

during the construction of any infrastructure all they play a significant roll in the construction of any infrastructure and reach to the quality of the infrastructure

BY :- ADARSH GUPTA